SETTING UP OF NEUROSURGERY ICU

The ICU is highly specified and sophisticated area of a hospital which is specifically
designed, staffed, located, furnished and equipped, dedicated to management of critically ill
patients, injuries or complications. It is a department with dedicated medical, nursing and
allied staff. It operates with defined policies; protocols and procedures, having its own quality
control, education, training and research programmes.

In India the scenario of ICU development is fast catching up and after initiatives, promotion,
education and training programmes of ISCCM during last 15 yrs, there has been stupendous
growth in this area but much needs to be done in area of infrastructure, human resource
development, protocol, guidelines formation and research relevant to Indian circumstances.
No compromise can be made on quality and health care delivery to the critically sick, yet
acceptable guidelines can be adopted for ICU design that may be good for both rural and
urban areas as also for smaller and tertiary centres which may include teaching and nonteaching
institutes.
There are pre-existing guidelines on the website of ISCCM, made in 2003. There has
been a sea change since then and hence the need for new guidelines. The existing
guidelines have been taken as a baseline for the present recommendations.
Following areas are covered.


1 Initial Planning
· Team Formation and Leader/Coordinator
· Data Collection and analysis
· Beginning of the Process and decide about Budget allocation , aims and
objectives

2 Decision About ICU Level, Number of beds, Design and Future Thoughts
· Planning level of ICU like I, Level II or Level III (Tertiary Unit)
· Number of beds and number of ICUs needed for the institution
· Designing each bed lay out and providing optimum space for the same
· Modulation according to various types of space availability
· Free hanging power columns vs. head end panel facilities

3 Central Nursing Station designing and planning
- Location, space, Facilities

4 Equipment
· Will depend on number of beds, Level of the ICU
· Most important decisions will be No of Ventilated beds and Invasive
monitoring
· ICU Vs HDU
· Collecting information about available equipment with specifications

5 Support System Recommendations
· Storage
· Communication
· Computerisation
· Meeting needs of Nursing and Doctors
· Meeting needs of relatives and Attendants
· Relationship and Coordination with other areas like ER and other support
areas

6 Environmental Planning
· Effective steps and planning to control nosocomial infections
· Flooring, walls, pillars and ceilings
· Lighting
· Surroundings
· Noise
· Heating/ AC/Ventilation
· Waste disposal and pollution control
· Protocol about allowing visitors, shoes etc inside ICU

7 Human Resource development
Doctors, Nurses, Respiratory Therapist, Physiotherapist, Nutritionist, Pharmacist,
Computer Programmer, etc and support staff like Clerks, social worker, X-ray
technician, Lab technicians, Cleaning staff, etc who are trained to the needs of ICUs.
This is a very Critical area and turnover is very high because of the big gap between
demand and supply. This can put a lot of stress on the team and patient outcome.

8 Other areas like
· Education
· Research
· Data Collection
· Documentation
· Record keeping

Design Team Formation
Team may consist of following -
· Intensivist
· Administrator
· Finance officer
· Architect and Engineers
· Nurse
· Any other person with special expertise


Who should Co-ordinate/lead the team?
Coordinator is the most important person who coordinates with every one involved.
Intensivist/In-charge is best suited to be the Co-ordinator because –
· He has technical skill and knowledge to plan and guide
· He will prevent mistakes to bare minimum
· He can suggest changes during the development phase itself if finds problems
· However, in some countries or some set ups, particularly public sector hospitals,
administrators are usually the coordinators. They can coordinate with all the major
individuals and groups whose inputs/help are needed in achieving the target in time
and quality. It may be difficult for some Intensivist to spare the time needed and
coordinate with others.

Aims, Objectives, Budget allocation and targets
It is important to decide about priorities based on inputs from Team members and should
answer following questions –
· Budget available
· Level of ICU needed
· Location
· Number of Beds needed
· Designs
· Human Resource Development
· Engineering and designing constraints
· What type of Case mix the ICU team is likely to deal with and therefore help in
prioritise equipment type
· In Case of existing facility being upgraded or relocated, then the review of past
mistakes
· Patient safety and prevention of infection programme
· Transition in case of relocation during reconstruction of the existing ICU

When everything has been put in writing and approved by the whole team, the process must
begin in earnest and a timeframe should be fixed. All efforts must be made to accomplish the
implementation within the stipulated time unless there are unforeseen circumstances.
Budget and Human Resource (Residents and Nurses) are the most important limiting factors.
Engineering related problems like drainage systems, leaks, slopes etc are easily overlooked. It
is advisable that engineering work be done in a manner that facilitate repairs whenever
needed without jeopardising patient care. Therefore, concealed or over-the-false roof
pipelines and wires should be discouraged.

Designing ICU/Level/No of ICUs/No of Beds and Individual Bed
Following ICU Levels are proposed

Level I
· It is recommended for small district hospital, small private Nursing homes, Rural
centres
· Ideally 6 to 8 Beds
· Provides resuscitation and short-term Cardio respiratory support including
Defibrillation
· Able to Ventilate a patient for at least 24 to 48 hrs, including non invasive ventilation
· Non-invasive Monitoring like - SPO2, HR and rhythm (cardioscope), NIBP, ECG
Temperature
· ABG Desirable.
· Able to have arrangements for safe transport of the patients to secondary or tertiary
centres
· The staff should be encouraged to do short training courses like Fundamentals of
Critical Care Support (FCCS) or Basic Assessment and Support in Intensive Care
(BASIC) courses.
· In charge should be preferably a trained doctor in ICU technology and knowledge
· Blood Bank support
· Should have basic clinical Lab (CBC, BS, Electrolyte, LFT and RFT) and Imaging
back up (X-ray and USG), ECG
· Microbiology support is desirable
· At least one book on Critical Care Medicine as ready reckoner

Level II (Recommendations of Level I Plus)
· Recommended for larger General Hospitals
· Bed strength 6 to 12
· Director be a trained/qualified Intensivist
· Multisystem life support
· Invasive and Non invasive Ventilation
· Invasive Monitoring
· Long term ventilation ability
· Trascutaneous Pacing
· Access to ABG, Electrolytes and other routine diagnostic support 24 hrs
· Strong Microbiology support with facility for Fungal Identification desirable
· Nurses and duty doctors trained in Critical Care
· CT must & MRI is desirable
· Protocols and policies for ICUs are observed
· Research will be highly recommended
· Should be supported ideally by Cardiology and other super specialities of Medicine
and Surgery
· HDU facility will be desirable
· Should fulfil all requirements for IDCC Course
· Resident doctors must be exposed to FCCS course/BASIC course/Ventilation
workshops and other updates
· Blood banking either own or outsourced

Level III (All recommendations of Level II Plus)
· Recommended for tertiary level hospitals
· Bed strength 10 to 16 with one or multiple ICUS as per requirement of the institution
· Multidisciplinary unit headed by Intensivist
· Preferably Closed ICU
· Protocols and policies are observed
· Have all recent methods of monitoring, invasive and non invasive including
continuous cardiac output, SCvO2 monitoring etc
· Long term acute care of highest standards
· Intra and inter-hospital transport facilities available
· Multisystem care and referral available round 24 hrs
· Should become lead centres for IDCC and Fellowship courses
· Bedside x-ray, USG, 2D-Echo available
· Own or outsourced CT Scan and MRI facilities should be there
· Bedside Broncoscopy
· Bedside dialysis and other forms of RRT available
· Adequately supported by Blood banks and Blood component therapy
· Optimum patient/Nurse ratio is maintained with 1/1 pt/Nurse ratio in ventilated
patients.
· Protocols observed about prevention of infection
· Provision for research and participation in National and International research
programmes
· Patient area should not be less than 100 sq ft per patient (>125 sq ft will be ideal). In
addition there is optimum additional space for storage, nursing station and relatives
· The hospital should an Infection Control Committee, Ethics Committee, etc
· Doctors, Nurses and other support staff be continuously updated in newer
technologies and knowledge in critical Care
There is regular sharing of knowledge, mishaps, incidents, symposia and seminars etc related
closely to the department and in association with other specialties
ICU Staffing

ICU staffing is one of the most important tasks and components of the whole programme.
Dedicated, highly motivated, ready to work in stress situations for long periods of time are
the type of personal needed.

They include
· Intensivist/s
· Resident doctors
· Nurses,
· Respiratory Therapists,
· Nutritionist
· Physiotherapist
· Technicians, Computer programmer,
· Biomedical Engineer, and
· Clinical Pharmacist
· Social worker or counsellor
· Other support staff. Like cleaning staff, guards and Class IV.
Not only do they have to be qualified but have to be trained and have to be a team person
scarce availability of these qualities has made their availability extremely difficult and the
turn over is high. It may be almost impossible to implement ideal ICU staffing.

Who can be an Intensivist?
Leapfrog ICU staffing standard provides a compromise between the ideal and the reality.
Despite some limitations, the Leapfrog standard is easier to implement and more likely to
improve the care of the critically ill. Limited availability of trained critical care physicians
and residents should prompt to develop novel staffing paradigms in order to provide safe and
appropriate care to the critically ill. Leapfrog group recommended following options
• Board-certified physicians who are additionally certified in the subspecialty of critical care
medicine,
• Physicians board-certified in emergency medicine who have completed a critical care
fellowship in an AGGME accredited training program,
• Physicians board-certified Medicine, Anaesthesiology, Paediatrics or Surgery who
completed training prior to the availability of subspecialty certification in critical care and
who have provided at least six weeks of full-time ICU care annually.
This model can be adopted in country like India ICU manpower is likely to remain short for
decades.
1. Physicians with Postgraduate degree (MCI approved) with additional certification in
Critical Care Medicine like IDCC. FICC, FNB, DNB or international equivalent
2. Physicians with MCI approved PG degrees in Internal Medicine, Anaesthesia,
Paediatrics, Surgery who completed training prior to the availability of subspecialty
certification in critical care and who have provided at least six weeks of full-time
ICU care annually.

Team Leader
It is important to have a good team led by an Intensivist (who spends >50% of his time in
ICU). He should be a full time appointment particularly for tertiary centres. He should be
qualified and trained and able to lead the team. Experience is absolutely essential to lead the
ICU team.
Resident Doctors (only MCI recognised)
· Post graduates from Anaesthesia, Medicine or Respiratory Medicine or other allied
branches including surgical specialties. Other residents may be graduates depending
upon total Bed strength of ICU.
· Though need of resident doctors per number of patient has not been prescribed in
literature, however, it is understood and recommended that one doctor cannot take
care of more than five patients who are critically sick on ventilator and/or undergoing
invasive monitoring with Multiorgan failure.
· Therefore, it is suggested that one PG resident with one graduate resident may be
good for an ICU of 10 to 14 beds with 1/3 of the pts may be falling into above
category. Total no of residents should include who will relieve those going on leave
or have to take sudden offs.

Nursing staff (only NCI Endorsed)
· Nursing – 1/1 nursing for Ventilated or MOFS patients is desirable but in no
circumstance the ratio should be < 2 nurses for three patients.
· This will affect the outcome immensely.
· 1/2 to 1/3 nurse patient ratio is acceptable for less seriously sick patients who do not
require above modalities.

Other staff
· Respiratory Therapist looks after ventilator management and respiratory
physiotherapy. This takes away lot of load off the duty doctor and the nurses
Physiotherapist help in mobilisation, and Technicians who can perform simple
procedures like taking samples and sending them to proper place in proper manner
makes the task easy and less stressful.
· Computer operators can prepare reports, enter data and bring out print outs as and
when needed. He can also maintain library, Internet and protocols practiced in ICU.
· Biomedical engineer within the campus makes the job of ICU less frustrating when
snags creep in within sensitive ICU equipment. He can be correct them fast.
· Nutritionist is also a very important professional who can contribute to outcome of
patient. They have to be trained in desired practices and should be more inclined
towards enteral feeding than TPN.
· Cleaning, class IV and Guards are also important to ICU particularly when they
understand needs of ICU and its patients. They have a huge role to play in prevention
of Nosocomial infection, keeping ICU clean and protect from overcrowding.

· One person should be responsible for observing protocols of Pollution and Infection
control. Such person should act in close collaboration of Microbiology personnel
· In addition the ICU should be ably supported by clinical Lab staff, Microbiology and
Imaging staff who can understand the protocols of ICU and act within discipline of
ICU protocols.
· Having professionals from Clinical Lab, Microbiology, Imaging, Pharmacy for
support whenever needed will be desirable.
How many ICUS and Beds are needed (81,82,83)
· Brain storming sessions should be held as to decide how many ICU beds are needed
and how many ICUs should be made which may include Advanced ICU, HDU, PICU
and Speciality related ICU like Neurointensive care, Cardiac Intensive Care and
Trauma.
· The number of Intensive Care beds will depend on the data available from the hospital
and current/future requirements of the hospital.
· Some ICUs particularly in Private set-ups in our country may be main speciality in the
hospital and they should be very careful in deciding about the number of beds and
budgetary provisions. Viability issues are very important in such cases.
· Numbers of ICU Beds recommended in a hospital are usually 1 to 4 per 100 hospital
beds
· ICUs having <6 beds are not cost effective and also they may not provide enough
clinical experience and exposure to skilled HR of the ICU. At the same ICU with bed
strength of >24 are difficult to manage and major problems may be encountered in
management and outcome.
· Recommendations suggest that efficiency may be compromised once total number of
beds crosses 12 in ICU.
·
· Therefore, it is recommended that total bed strength in ICU should be between 8 to 12
and not <6 or not >24 in any case

Location/entry/exit points of ICU in Hospital
· Safe, easy, fast transport of a critically sick patient should be priority in planning its
location. Therefore, the ICU should be located in close proximity of ER, Operating
rooms, trauma ward, etc
· Corridors, lifts & ramps should be spacious enough to provide easy movement of bed/
trolley of a critically sick patient.
· Close/easy proximity is also desirable to diagnostic facilities, blood bank, pharmacy
etc.
· No thoroughfare can be provided through ICU.
· There should be single entry/exit point to ICU, which should be manned.
· However, it is required to have emergency exit points in case of emergencies and
disasters.

ICU Bed Designing and Space Issues 

· Space per bed has been recommended from 125 to 150 sq ft area per bed in the patient
care area or the room of the patient. Some recommendation has placed it even higher
up to 250 sq ft per bed. In addition there should be 100 to 150% extra space to
accommodate nursing station, storage, patient movement area, equipment area,
doctors and nurses rooms and toilet.

· However in Indian circumstances after reviewing and feed back from various ICUs in
our country, it may be satisfactory to suggest an area of 100 to 125 sq ft be provided
in patient care area for comfortable working with a critically sick patient.

· It may be prudent to make one or two bigger rooms or area which may be utilised for
patients who may undergo big bedside procedures like ECMO, RRT etc and have
large number Gadgets attached to them.
· 10 % (one to two) rooms may be designated isolation rooms where immunocompromised
patients may be kept. These rooms may have 20% extra space than
other rooms.

· The planners may provide for application of advanced technology like ECMO, Nitric
Oxide, Xenon clearance, lamellar flow etc. In the future.
Partition between two room sand maintaining privacy of patients
· It is recommended that there should be a partition/separation between rooms when
patient privacy is desired

· Standard curtains soften the look and can be placed between two patients which is
very common in most Indian ICUs. However they are displaced and become unclean
easily and patient privacy is disturbed

· Therefore, two rooms may be separated by unbreakable fixed or removable partitions,
which may be of aluminium, wood or fibre. However permanent partitions take away
the flexibility of increasing floor space temporarily (In Special circumstances) for a
particular patient even when the adjoining bed/room may not be in use.
· There are also electronic windows, which are transparent when switched is off and are
opaque when the switch is on. This option allows a view of the external surroundings,
but presently is expensive.
Pendant vs. Head End Panel
One of the most important decisions is to how to plan bedside design
Two approaches are usually practised

1 Head wall Panel
2 Free standing systems (power columns) usually from the ceiling Each can be fixed or
moveable and flexible. It can be on one or both sides of the patient.
· Flexibility is usually desirable,
· Panels on head wall systems allow for free movements
· Adaptable power columns can move side to side or rotate,
· Mounts on power columns are also usually adjustable,
· Flexible systems are expensive and counterproductive if the staff never move
or adjust them,
· Head wall systems can be oriented to one side of the patient or to both sides,
· Some units use two power columns, one on each side of the patient,
· Other units use a power column on one side in combination with some fixed
side wall options on the opposite side,
· Ceiling mounted moveable rotary systems may reduce clutter on the floor and
make a lot of working space available, However, this may not be possible if
the weight cannot be structurally supported
· Power columns may not be possible in smaller rooms or units.
· Each room should be designed to accommodate portable bedside x-ray,
Ultrasound and other equipment such as ventilators and IA Balloon pumps; in
addition, the patient's window view (If available) to the outside should be
preserved.
Height of Monitoring System
Excessive height may be a drawback to the way monitoring screens are typically well above
eye level and display more parameters. Doctors and nurses may have chronic head tilting
leading to cervical neck discomfort and disorders, Therefore, the levels of monitors should be
at comfortable height for doctors and nurses
Keep Bed 2 ft away from Head Wall
· A usual problem observed in ICU is getting access to the head of the bed in times of
emergency and weaving through various tangled lines. And at the same time patient
also should not feel enclosed and surrounded by equipment and induced uncalled for
fear
· About 6 inches high and 2 ft deep step(Made of wood) usually temporary/removable
(which would otherwise would stay there only) is placed between the headwall and
the bed lt will keep the bed away from the wall and automatically gives caregivers a
place to stand in emergencies without too much of problems.
· Lines may be routed through a fixed band of lines tied together.
Provision for RRT
Two beds should be specially designated for RRT (HD/CRRT) where outlets should be
available for RO/de-iodinated water supply for HD machines. Self-contained HD machines
are also available (Cost may be high)

Isolation Rooms
10% of beds (1 or 2) rooms may be used exclusively as isolation cases like for burns, serious
contagious infected patients or immunosuppressed patients.

Alarms. Music. Phone etc
· Each group should decide if they want to provide the patient access to music (audio),
telephone etc.

· However an alarm bell which has both sound and light indicators must be provided to
each patient. Patients should be instructed in its use.
Oxygen/Vacuum/ Compressed air outlets and No of Electric female Plugs
for tertiary centre
Summary of key Recommendation for Minimal standards in ICU
Standards AIA/AAH (1) IEEE SCCM (2)
O2 outlets 2 to 3 2 2 to 3
Vacuum outlets 2 to 4 3 2 to 3
Compressed air outlets 1 to 3 1 1 to 2
Electric outlets 7 8 11 to 12
Room size (sq ft) 132 - 150 to 250
Isolation room 150 - 250
Anteroom 20 - 20
Unit size - - 12 beds
Adopted from Don Axon DCA FAIA Losangeles
Recommendations for Indian ICUs
We recommend following for Level I and Level II Indian ICUs Unit size 6 to 12 beds
· Bed space- minimum 100 sq ft (Desirable) >125.
· Additional space for the ICU (Storage/Nursing stn/doctors/circulation etc) 100 %
extra of the bed space (Keep the future requirement in mind)
· Oxygen outlets 2
· Vacuum outlets 2
· Compressed air outlets 1
· Electric outlets 12 of which 4 may be near the floor 2 on each side of the patient.
Electric outlets/Inlets should be common5/15 amp pins. Should have pins to
accommodate all standard International Electric Pins/Sockets. Adapters should be
discouraged since they tend to become loose.

Utilities per bed as recommended for Level III Indian ICUs
3 oxygen outlets, 2 compressed air, 2 vacuum (adjustable), 12 to 14 electric outlets, a bedside
light one-telephone outlets and one data outlet.

Central Nursing station 

· This is the nerve centre of ICU. Despite lots of development, the old standard of a
central station still holds good and is endorsed by most guidelines and regulations
even today.
· All/nearly-all monitors and patients must be observable from there, either directly or
through the central monitoring system. Most ICUs use the central station, serving six
to twelve beds arranged in an L, U or circular fashion,

· Patients in rooms may be difficult to observe and therefore may be placed on remote
television monitoring, These monitors may satisfy regulatory requirements but do not
really provide adequate patient safety if the clarity of the picture is poor.
· Some ICUs have unit pods of about four or five beds, each served by a separate
workstation. Nurses assigned to patients in the pod form a team,
· A monitor technician is required,
· The unit Nursing clerk and the supervising nurse will usually work together to
oversee the efficient interaction among the staff and with support services,
· Careful consideration of what level or type of activity will occur in the central station
will insure adequate space planning. New equipment purchased over the next decade
will probably increase the amount of desk and shelf space required.
· At times of high use the number of people in the central station can increase several
fold. Having enough space and chairs to meet needs during such times should be
provided for.
· The space should accommodate computer terminals and printers. A large number of
communication cables may be required per bedside to connect computers and faxes to
other departments, as well as to other institutions and offices,
· Adequate space for charting on the platform is absolutely important.
· Patients must be easily visible from the charting area whether the nurse is sitting or
standing, taller chairs are often necessary.
· In case of space constraint, Collapsible desktops or shelves that can flip up off the
wall can be planned
· Space allotted for storage of the previous charts of patients currently in the unit should
also be provided
· It is also important that a storage space is provided for equipment, linen, instruments,
drugs, medicines, disposables, stationary and other articles to be stored at the Nursing
station must be provided. All these cupboards should be labelled
· The latest generation of monitoring systems allows access to patient data from any
bedside; This means that the doctor who is busy caring for one patient can monitor
others without leaving that bedside.
· Consoles can be programmed to automatically display critical events from one
bedside at several sites without personnel calling for it. There is need for more
effective alarming system with less noise, which can send signals to CNS as well as
remote pager carried by the caregiver.
· Ideally in Indian ICUs, there are over bed tables with each bed. These tables may be
so deigned of stainless steel to have a broad top to accommodate charts and cupboards
enough in number and size to store medicines, disposables investigations and records
of the patient.
· The CNS has in charge nursing, duty doctors/s, clerk/computer guy, machines, store
attached and monitors and spare machines/spares, linen and other ancillaries
Indicative List Of Equipment (12 Bedded ICU and 8 Bedded HDU)

Name of equipment Number Specification
1 Bedside Monitors
(For ICU)
One per Bed Modular -2 Invasive BP, SPO2,NIBP, ECG, RR, Temp
Probes with trays
2 Monitors for HDU Same Same but without Invasive BP but upgradeable
3 Ventilators 6-12 With paediatric and adult provisions, graphics and Non-
Invasive Modes (Two Ventilators should be with inbuilt



Name of equipment Number Specification
Compressor. each should have a heated Humidifier.
4 Non invasive
Ventilators
3 With Provision for CPAP and IPAP
5 Infusion Pumps At least 2 Per
bed in ICU
1 Per Bed in
HDU
Volumetric with all Recent upgraded drug calculations
6 Syringe Pumps At least 2 per
bed in ICU
With recent up gradation
7 Head End Panel 1 Per bed With 2 O2 Outlets, two vacuum, one compressed air and
12 electric outlets , provision for Music, Alarm, trays for
two monitors, Two Drip stands, One Procedure light
8 Defibrillator Two with TCP
facility (one
standby )
Adult and paediatric pads with Trascutaneous pacing
facility
10 ICU Beds (Shock
Proof)
(Fibre)
One for each bed Electronically Manoeuvred with all positions possible with
mattress. Now beds are available which give lateral
positions also
11 Over Bed Tables One for each
Bed
ALL SS with 6 to 8 cupboards in each to store Drugs
Medicines, side tray for x-rays, BHT, on wheels
12 ABG Machine One+One facility for ABG and Electrolytes
Second one as stand-bye
13 Crash/ Resuscitation
trolley
Two for ICU +
One for HDU
To hold all resuscitation equipment and Medicines
14 Pulse Oxymeter
(Small Units)
Two As stand by units
15 Refrigerator One + One for
use of staff and
doctors
With freezer compartment
16 Computers 2 (for ICU), One
for HDU, One
for In charge
With LAN, Internet facility and printer to be connected
with all departments
17 HD Machines 2 User friendly so that even a Nurse can Operate
18 CRRT One High flow /Speed Model
19 CO, SVR, ScvO2
Monitor
One As Described
20 Intermittent Leg
Compressing
Machine
Two To prevent DVT
21 Airbeds 6 To Prevent Bed sores
22 Intubating Video
scope
One To make difficult Intubations easy
23 Glucometer 2 for ICU, one
for HDU
24 ICU Dedicated
Ultrasound and Echo
machine
One With recent advances to look instantly even at odd hours.
Vascular filling, central lines, etc
25 Bedside X ray One
26 ETO sterilization One To sterilize ICU disposables regularly (innSterlilisation
Department CSSD)
27 Spinal Board Two For spine trauma patients
28 Rigid Cervical Spine
collars
4 For stabilizing cervical spine


Name of equipment Number Specification
29 Ambu Mask
different sizes
10 sets including
two for Pediatric
use
Silicon, ETO sterilisable
30 Pollution control
buckets
One set for each
Bed
31 Trays for Procedures For putting
central lines,
ICD, catheters
etc
  A Balloon Pump One
32Fibroptic
Bronchoscope
One
This is major list of equipment for ICU, More Equipment can be added to meet the
requirements of each unit. Each unit can modify this list as per their needs.
STORAGE ( 1,2,8,52,88 )
It is important to decide what is to be stored
· By the bedside
· At the Nursing station
· Nursing stores
· Remote central store
· Those supplies used repeatedly and in emergencies should be readily available and
easy to find, Storing a large inventory can be costly, but so is wasting personnel time,.
Making supplies more available may increase their use. Some over cautious or clever
staff may decide to hoard or hide them. Cost effective and efficient designs are
needed.
· Staff nurses can always give useful ideas about improvement of systems, which they
develop while working with patients. There opinion can be invaluable.
· When medications are kept at the bedside, JCAHO currently requires that the storage
be lockable, these stores can store medicines, disposables, records, injections, tabs etc.
· Bedside supply carts that are stocked for different subsets of patients can make
storage in the room more efficient, For example, surgical, medical, trauma patients,
cardiac patients where needs are different. Staff nurses may be specifically trained for
such care and work
· Determining what supplies are placed near but not at the bedside is based on the size
of the unit, the grouping of patients and the patterns of practice, although many units
organize supplies by the department that restocks them (central services, nutrition,
pharmacy, respiratory therapy, etc,)
· it is worth considering grouping supply by activity, like Chest tray, Central line tray,
skin care tray , catheterisation tray , Intracranial pressure tray etc. They may be
labelled by name or colour code.

Environmental Requirements

Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC) system of ICU
· The ICU should be fully air-conditioned which allows control of temperature,
humidity and air change. If this not be possible then one should have windows which
can be opened (‘Tilt and turn' windows are a useful design.).

· Suitable and safe air quality must be maintained at all times. Air movement should
always be from clean to dirty areas. It is recommended to have a minimum of six total
air changes per room per hour, with two air changes per hour composed of outside air.
Where air-conditioning is not universal, cubicles should have fifteen air changes per
hour and other patient areas at least three per hour.
· The dirty utility, sluice and laboratory need five changes per hour, but two per hour
are sufficient for other staff areas.
· Central air-conditioning systems and re-circulated air must pass through appropriate
filters.
· It is recommended that all air should be filtered to 99% efficiency down to 5 microns.
Smoking should not be allowed in the ICU complex.
· Heating should be provided with an emphasis on the comfort of the patients and the
ICU personnel.
· For critical care units having enclosed patient modules, the temperature should be
adjustable within each module to allow a choice of temperatures from 16 to 25
degrees Celsius.
· A few cubicles may have a choice of positive or negative operating pressures (relative
to the open area). Cubicles usually act as isolation facilities, and their lobby areas
must be appropriately ventilated in line with the function of an isolation area (i.e.
pressure must lie between that in the multi-bed area and the side ward).
· Power back up in ICU is a serious issue. The ICU should have its own power back,
which should start automatically in the event of a power failure. This power should
be sufficient to maintain temperature and run the ICU equipment (even though most
of the essential ICU equipment has a battery backup). Voltage stabilisation is also
mandatory. An Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) system is preferred for the ICU

Negative pressure isolation rooms (Isolation of patients infected/suspected to be
Infected with organisms spread via airborne droplet nuclei <5 μm in diameter) In these rooms
the windows do not open. They have greater exhaust than supply air volume. Pressure
differential of 2.5 Pa. Clean to dirty airflow i.e. direction of the airflow is from the out side
adjacent space (i.e.. corridor, anteroom) into the room. Air from room preferably exhausted to
the outside, but may be re-circulated provided is through HEPA filter NB: re-circulating air
taken from areas intended to isolate a patient with TB is a risk not worth taking and is not
recommended

Positive pressure isolation rooms (To provide protective environment for patients at
Highest risk of infection e.g. Neutopenia, post transplant)
These rooms should have greater supply than exhaust air. Pressure differential of 2.5 – 8 Pa,
preferably 8 Pa. Positive airflow relative to the corridor (i.e. air flows from the room to the
outside adjacent space). HEPA filtration is required if air is returned.
LIGHTING 

Light in room
· Natural Light – Access to outside natural light is recommended by regulatory
authorities in USA,
· This may improve the Staff Morale and Patient outcome,
· Data suggests that synthetic artificial daylight use in work environment may deliver
better results for night time workers
· It may be helpful in maintaining the circadian rhythm

· Natural lighting in the unit can decrease power consumption and the electrical
bill which is so relevant to Indian circumstances.
· Access to natural light also means one may have access to viewing external
environment which may be developed into green and soothing.

Light for Procedures
· High illumination and spot lighting is needed for procedures, like putting Central lines
etc.
· They can descend from the ceiling, extend from the wall/ Panel, or be carried into the
room.
· Recommended Spot lighting should be shadow free l50 foot candles (fc) strength.
Light required for general patient care-
· It should be bright enough to ensure adequate vision without eyestrain.
· Overhead lighting should be at least 20-foot candles (fc).
· Higher frequency fluorescent lights and coated phosphorus lamps may be good for
assessing skin colour and tone
· Patients may need rest and quiet surroundings during the day, Blackout curtains or
blinds or Individual eye may be used, These may be helpful when the staff requires a
high level of lighting at the bedside while the patient is resting.
· Lights that come on automatically when cupboard doors or drawers are opened are
useful.

· Floor lighting may be important for safety at the bedside and in the hallways at night
and should be about l0fc.
· Glare created by reflected light should be diffused
· Light switches should be strategically located to allow some patient control and
adequate staff convenience.
· A second remote control can be turned on/off by the nurses/doctors to observe
patients intermittently at night without entering the room and disturbing the patient.
· Hall lights controls should subdivided into smaller independent areas and dimmer
switches may be desirable
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America published useful guidelines on this
subject

Noise Control in ICU 
The international Noise Council recommends that the noise level in an ICU be under 45 dBA
in the daytime, 40 dBA in the evening and 20 dBA at night (dBA is a scale that filters out low
frequency sounds and is more like the human hearing range than plain dB)
Standard examples are
· A watch ticks at about 20 dBA,
· A normal conversation is at about 55 dBA.
· A vacuum cleaner produces -about 70 dBA
· A garbage disposal-- about 80 dBA.
· Noise level monitors are commercially available.

· lf the unit noise exceeds that level, a light comes on or flashes to remind the staff to
decrease the noise level.

FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS –

· The counters and furniture should be tough to withstand a lot of heavy use.
· Easy to clean and maintain,
· Connections should be made of metal—to—metal fasteners
· Cabinet-quality wood construction should also be tough and strong
· Surfaces for counters should be solid, non-porous and stain resistant,
· Fabrics should be durable, colourfast and flame and static resistant if possible
· Bedside clocks, calendars and bulletin boards help the conscious patient well oriented
and in better moods
· Providing the patient with a place to keep a few small personal items of his or her
own make the environment more familiar and personalized.
· Some finishing touches like some art work/décor/ sculpture may change the ICU
atmosphere a great deal and has been recommended by the SCCM.
Chairs number and types –
· Individual units should decide about the number, usually enough number to
accommodate the care giving staff/doctors and Nurses and additional chairs may be
stored and used whenever needed.
· Individual Units should decide whether they want to allow the relative to sit by the
side (Short or long time) of the patient in the ICU.
· However, a chair/sofa type chair on wheels with safety belt or vault is recommended
for mobilising the patient and making him sit during recovery
· Provisions must be made to accommodate an obese patient

Floor –
· The ideal floor should be easy to clean, non slippery, able to withstand abuse and
absorb sound while enhancing the overall look and feel of the environment,
· Carts and beds equipped with large wheels should roll easily over it.
· In Indian context Vitrified non-slippery tiles seem to be the best option which can be
fitted into reasonable budgets, easy to clean and move on and may be stain proof
· Vinyl sheeting is another viable option, It can be non-porous, strong and easy to
clean, However, the life of Vinyl flooring is not long and a small damage in one
corner may trigger damage of entire flooring and make it accident prone. It may
require frequent replacement making it an inconvenient choice.

Walls – Should meet following criteria:
· Durability, ability to clean and maintain, flame retardance, mildew resistance, sound
absorption and visual appeal.
· It has been very useful to have a height up to 4to5 ft finished with similar tiles as of
floor for similar reasons.
· For rest of the wall soothing paint with glass panels on the head end at the top may be
good choice.
· Wooden panelling has also found favour with some architects but costs may go high.
· Doorstoppers and handrails should be placed well to reduce abuse and noise to
minimum; it helps patient movement and ambulation.

Ceiling
· lt is the ceiling surface patients see most often, sometimes for hours on end, over
several days or weeks. In addition, bright spotlights or fluorescent lights can cause
eye strain,
· Ceiling should be Soiling and break proof due to leaks and condensation.
· Tiles may not the most appealing or soothing surface, but for all practical purposes it
is easier to remove individual or few tiles for repairs over ceiling in times of need.
Ceiling design may be enhanced by varying the ceiling height, softening the contours,
griddled lighting surfaces, painting it with a medley of soft colours rather than a plain
back ground colour, or decorating it with mobiles, patterns or murals, to make it more
patient and staff friendly.
· It is recommended that no lines or wires be kept or run over ceiling or underground
because damages do occur once in a while and therefore, it should be easy to do
repairs if the lines and pipes are easily explorable without hindering patient care
Waste Disposal and Pollution Control
· This is mandatory and a huge safety issue both for the patient and staff/doctors of the
hospital and society at large
· It is important that all government regulations (State Pollution control Board in this
particular case) should strictly be complied with.
· It is mandatory to have four covered pans (Yellow, blue, Red, Black) provided for
each patient or may be one set between two patients two save space and funds. This is
needed to dispose off different grades of wastes.
Hand Hygiene and Prevention of Infection
· Every bed should have attached alcohol based anti-microbial instant hand wash
solution source, which is used before caregiver (doctor/Nurse/relative/Paramedical)
handles the patient.
· Water basin at all bedside has not proven popular and successful because of poor
compliance by one and all and also for reasons of space constraints and maintenance
issues.
· An operation room style sink with Elbow or foot operated water supply system with
running hot and cold water supply with antiseptic soap solution source should be there
at a point easily accessible and unavoidable point, where two people can wash hands
at a time.
· This sink should have an immaculate drainage system, which usually may become a
point of great irritation and nuisance in later yrs or months.
· All entrants should don mask and cap in ICU.
· No dirty/soiled linen/material should be allowed to stay in ICU for long times for fear
of spread of bad odour, infection and should be disposed off as fast as possible. Dirty
linen should be replace regularly at fixed intervals.
· All surroundings of ICU should be kept absolutely clean and green if possible for
obvious reasons

Disaster Preparedness 
· All ICUs should be designed to handle disasters both within ICU and outside the ICU.
Outside the ICU may include inside the hospital and in the city or state.
· Within ICU may be fire, accidents and Infection or unforeseen incidents.

· Similarly outside the ICU there may be major or minor disasters like fire, accidents,
Terrorist acts etc.
· There must be an emergency exit in ICU to rescue pts in times of internal disaster.
There should be provision for some contingency room within hospital where critically
sick patients may be shifted temporarily.

· HDU may be the best place if beds are vacant.
· There should be adequate fire fighting equipment in side ICU and protection from
Electrical defaults and accidents.
· ICU is location for Infection epidemics, therefore, it is imperative that all protocols
and recommendation practises about infection control and prevention are observed
and if there is a break out then adequate steps taken to control this and disinfect the
ICU if indicated.
· Meeting the needs of Care givers, other departments and relatives of Pts

Needs of doctors and Nurses
· The space and facilities planned for them are often inadequate. Space is usually scarce
and it is tempting to limit the support areas in favour of larger patient rooms.
· Multi-purpose rooms may be a solution which may be used for meetings, leisure,
lectures, library, lounge and break areas with food services (microwave, coffeemaker,
refrigerator),

· This is especially useful for night shift staff when the cafeteria is closed, Multipurpose
seating, stackable or folding chairs and a wide variety of lighting options can increase
flexibility.
· This should be in close proximity to the unit (within the same broader complex) and
can even have windows with curtains, blinds, or one-way glass to allow those inside
to continue to observe unit activity,
· Additional space is needed for staff lockers with areas to change clothes and, ideally,
shower.

· Separate areas are required for men and women,.
· In Indian situation it is advisable to have separate change rooms for nurses and
doctors.
· Whether or not lockers are provided, female staff tends to keep purses or bags near
them at the bedside, (This should be discouraged like helmets of male staff cannot be
allowed in main ICU). This can be addressed by providing a secure place for keeping
their belongings in the unit.
· A couch with working table and broadband connected computer is quite handy.
· Optimum number of journals/books, stationary, view boxes should be provided.
· Enough number of toilets must be provided

MEETING THE NEEDS OF FAMILIES AND VISITORS
It is very important to value family members and take care of their needs.
Many features that ease the stress of facing threat of death because of critical illness may not
be necessarily expensive. Identifying these needs by acting as a visitor of a patient in ICU
may be useful. Some of these may be as follows:
Signages--Clearly marked and multilinguistic including English and Hindi + Local Language
guiding them to correct desired location, Once they reach the unit, it should be easy for them
to learn how to gain entry into the unit.
Waiting and seating space
· Many guidelines suggest that l-l/2 to 2 seats per patient bed be provided in the waiting
area, Despite using this ratio, many admit that their waiting area is still too small.
· In rural and semi-urban India, there are large and extended families, This should be
reflected in the size of waiting rooms of institutions that commonly serve such
populations,
· Designers can establish several small areas within a larger space with a variety of
seating and lighting options, Large open rooms may be easier to achieve, but they are
often noisy and lack the capability to provide areas for privacy, intimacy and rest,
· Minimally, a separate small room for grieving or private conferences should be
provided near the unit with soothing decor and comfortable seating, This may be used
for counselling the family members in times of need.
· One large TV should be provided for them
· Family members often go through periods when they spend several long hours in the
waiting room. In such cases, recliners or even hideaway beds are greatly appreciated,
· Enough number of restrooms should be provided.
· Some institutions have their own hotels, motels, or guesthouses /Dharmshalas.
· Lockers be provided to families, that can allow them to bring things they need without
having to drag them all with them whenever they come and go.
· Written information about dining facilities inside and outside the hospital should be
available.
· Ideally, a café or tea counter with refrigerator, microwave, sink and/or vending
machines can be provided in or near the waiting area,
· An information shelf having booklets or videos on diseases relevant to critical care
are helpful.
· Pamphlets for the consumer on critical care and on advanced directives may be very
useful.
· Trained volunteer or social workers can help families cope and to reduce their
anxiety, keep them updated with compassion about condition, progress, procedures,
expenses about the patient.
· SCCM has also recently published a manual in this regard
Communication (3,8,46,58,60,64,78,79)
A central communication area is also needed for unit, committee and hospital-wide
announcements; newsletters and memos: and announcements of outside events and meetings.
Bulletin boards are necessary but often unsightly. lt is better to plan them because they may
be added after the fact in a less effective or appealing manner

HDU-
· It is the area where patient care level is intermediate between ICU and Floors. It is
usually located near the ICU complex or within ICU complex. The staff is also almost
similar to ICU culture. Following type patients may be kept here
· Patients recovered from Critical Sickness.
· Patient who are less sick like single organ failure not requiring invasive monitoring or
invasive MV
· Patients requiring close observation that are strong suspects of getting deteriorated.
· Size of such units should be at least 50 % of the main ICU.
· Doctor/Pt ratio and Nurse/Pt ratio may be much more relaxed
· 1/3 of these Beds may be used as palliative unit for patients who are terminally sick
and DNAR is being observed.
· There are conflicting reports suggesting usefulness of such units. But in Indian
circumstances and surveys indicate that HDU has helped in our circumstances.
Possibly in following ways
· Cutting costs of patients and health service provider requiring close observation and
not needing ICU
· Allows close observation of potentially critically sick patients both who are
transferred from and to ICU
· Psychological relief to the family and patients that he is being observed meant for
lesser sick patients.
· It may be handy to public hospitals where there is always shortage of ICU beds.
Summary
· ICU is a highly specialised part of a hospital or Nursing home where very sick
patients are treated.
· It should be located near ER and OT and easily accessible to clinical Lab. Imaging
and Operating rooms.
· No Thorough fare can be allowed trough it
· Ideal Bed strength should be 8 to 14. More than 14 beds may put stress on ICU staff
and may also have a negative bearing on patient outcome. <6 Bed strength will be
neither viable or provide enough training to the staff of ICU
· Each patient should have a room size of >100 sq ft , However a space of 125 to 150
sq ft per pt will be desirable .
· Additional space equivalent to 100 % of patient room area should be allocated to
accommodate nursing stn, storage etc.
· 10% beds should be reserved for patients requiring isolation.
· Two rooms may be made larger to accommodate more equipment for patients
undergoing multiple procedures like Ventilation, RRT Imaging and other procedures.
· There should be at least two barriers to the entry of ICU
· There should be only one entry and exit to ICU to allow free access to heavy duty
machines like mobile x-ray, -bed and trolleys on wheels and some time other
repairing machines.
· At the same time it is essential to have an emergency exit for rescue removal of
patients in emergency and disaster situations.
· Proper fire fighting /extinguishing machines should be there.
· It is desirable to have access to natural light as much as possible to each patient.

· Head end Panels are recommended over Pendants for monitoring, delivery of oxygen,
compressed air and vacuum and electrical points for equipment use for these patients
· List of equipment and no of Oxygen, vacuum, compressed air outlets are listed in the
guidelines
· Every ICU should have a qualified /trained Intensivist as its leader
· One doctor for five patients may be ideal ratio.
· 1/1 Nurse ideally but < 1/2 nurse –patient ration is recommended for ventilated
patients and patients receiving invasive monitoring and on RRT
· Other personnel needed for ICU have been listed.
· ICU should practise given protocols on all given clinical conditions.
· Requirement of Furniture, storage, light, Noise, flooring, walls, ceiling airconditioning,
ventilation etc have been described in guidelines in details.
· Needs of doctors, Nurses and relatives of patients should be carefully observed
· Required standards and equipment for different levels of ICUs have been mentioned.

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