PADMANABHAPURAM PALACE....

Constructed around 1601 ad by Iravipillai Iravivarma Kulasekhara Perumal who ruled travancore between 1529 AD and 1609 AD.

                                   (KUDHIRA VILLAKE)

Padmanabhapuram palace complex is located at padmanabhapuram fort,close to the town of thukalay in kanyakumari district,Tamil nadu.

In the 18th century ,the capital of travancore was shifted from here to thiruvanthapuram.the palace complex continue to be the best example of traditional kerala architecture,and some portions of the sprawling complex are also the hall mark of traditional kerala architecture.

it is located about 50 km away from trivandrum.the palace complex at the foot of the veli hills,is inside an old granite fortress around four kilo meters long.the river valli flows nearby.the place is administered by Archaeology department of the government of kerala.

CARE OF FABRICS.....................................

1.A TEAR SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY DARNED AND PATCHED

2.MISSING BUTTONS REPLACE QUICKLY

3.ARTICLES OF CLOTHING'S SHOULD BE FOLDED NEATLY AND PUT IN THE SHELF OR HUG UP ON CLOTHES HANGER TO RETAIN SHAPE.

4.NEVER HANGS GARMENTS DIRECTLY ON A NAIL OR A HOOK.THEY LOOSE SHAPE AND RUN THE RISK OF GETTING TORN

5.GARMENTS ONCE WORN SHOULD NEVER BE FOLDED AND KEPT IN A SHELF

6.TAKE OFF YOUR CLOTHS YOU WORN DURING THE DAY AND NEVER WEAR SAME THING IN NIGHT.EVEN IF IT IS CLEAN IT DOES NOT ESCAPE SWEAT AND DUST

7.REMOVE STAINS WHEN THEY ARE FRESH

8.PLACE EACH GARMENTS IN IT'S PROPER PLACE OR RACK

9.CLEAN YOUR SHELF AND SPRAY WITH SUITABLE INSECTICIDES

10.THE MORE YOU CARE FOR THEM THE BETTER THEY WILL SERVE YOU.

COSMETIC HAZARDS..........

Cosmetics such as hair lacquer,hair spray,perfumes,etc.packed in aerosol dispensers have found their way into a number of Indian homes.

Aerosol packages present a potential fire and explosion risk.most of the packs used fluoridated hydrocarbon propellants and chlorinated compound's in  the form of liquefied gases.these are non flammable.some of the packs however,use propane and butane,which are highly inflammable.not only the propellant,but even the product packaged in an aerosol dispenser may be inflammable.for example hair lacquer may contain a large proportion of ethyl alcohol,and even combustible material with a fairly high flash point such as oil and can form explosive mists when dispersed in the form of spray.

Care must,therefore,be taken to ensure that these sprays are kept away from ignition sources and are not used in the presence of heat.they should be used in well ventilated rooms and kept in cool places out of direct sunlight.

KEEP YOUR HOME SAFE FROM ELECTRICAL FIRES - A CHECKLIST.....

1.HAVE YOU MADE SURE THAT THE HOUSE HOLDING WIRING DOES NOT SHOW ANY SIGNS OF WEAR AND TEAR?

2.DO YOU HAVE ELECTRICAL REPAIRS AND ALTERATIONS CARRIED OUT BY A QUALIFIED ELECTRICIAN?

3.ARE WIRES RUNNING THROUGH MATS OR CARPETS OR THROUGH DOORWAYS WHERE IT MAY CRUSHED?

4.IS TEMPORARY EXTENSION KEPT TO A MINIMUM?

5.ARE YOUR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES ADEQUATELY EARTHED?

6.DO YOU CONNECT ONLY SINGLE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES TO A SINGLE SOCKET OUTLET AT A TIME?

7.DO YOU REMOVE THE PLUG FROM THE SOCKET AFTER THE USE OF THE APPLIANCES OVER?

8.ARE PLUG POINTS LOW LEVEL ADEQUATELY COVERED SO THAT CHILDREN ARE NOT TEMPTED TO POKE THEIR FINGERS / PENCILS INTO THE PLUG HOLES?

9.IS SUFFICIENT VENTILATION PROVIDED FOR THE RADIO,REFRIGERATOR,AND TV SO AS TO ALLOW HEAT TO DISSIPATE?

10.HAS YOUR ELECTRICAL IRON SAFE STAND THAT KEEPS IT CLEAR OF THE IRONING BOARD OR TABLE?

11.IS YOUR TV SET SWITCHED OFF LAST THING AT NIGHT AND UNPLUGGED?

12.DO YOU SWITCH OFF ELECTRICITY AT THE MAINS BEFORE LEAVING FOR A HOLIDAY? 

 (YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER "YES" TO ALL THE QUESTIONS EXCEPT NO:3.IF THERE ARE ANY "NO"{ITEM NO:3-"YES"},TAKE ACTION RIGHT AWAY TO SET MATTERS RIGHT.)

DANGERS FROM CLOTHINGS............

There are four ways in which our clothes may be a source of danger to us.

Though the clothing is used as a protection,yet it is worse and useless,if it is allowed to become dirty and collect germs.Even perfectly cleaned cloths can pickup germs if we are in contact with people suffering from contagious diseases.That is why it is necessary for those nursing the sick to change their clothes before mixing with people who are well.

sterilisation of an infected patients clothing is specially important in the case of diseases like chickenpox,measles,smallpox,typhoid and soon.

it is dangerous to sit in wet clothes.a chill breeze playing on wet clothes will cause our skin to become cold.if you are wet and cannot change,keep moving until the moisture has evaporated as generally it happens in a hot climate

Ready made clothing is sometimes made under very insanitary conditions and the cheap dyes used may poison the skin

Dhobies are sometimes unclean and a fungal disease called Dhobis itch may come from clothes washed by them.disease germs from other peoples clothes may be transferred to ours.

ARANMULA KANNADI......(india)..kerala

An example for uncommon technical skill and manufacturing dexterity,aranmula kannadi is a special kind of mirror formulated by polishing a bell metal plate until it shines,made by mixing up lead and copper in a particular ratio by melting them down.aranmulakkanadi is named after its place of production,aranmula.in many important museums in the world aranmulakkanadi is exhibited as a rare object now.the only metal mirror available in the world.

the aranmula kanndai is a front surface reflection mirror,which eliminates secondary reflections and aberrations typical of back surface mirrors,where the image is reflected from the bottom layer where mercury is pasted.

Thus one can say that a person sees his real image reflected only in the aranmula kannadi

WAYANAD...(kerala)..INDIA..tourist destination..

-Smallest density of population

-Highest in adivasi population

-Only district in kerala that shares borders with two states

-District with no costal areas and railway lines

-Migration to wayanad serves the theme for S.K.POTTAKAD'S "vishakanyaka"

-Paniyar,kurichyar,kurumar,kattunayakar,adiyaan,kaadan,and uraali are the adivasi communities live here

-Smallest number of panchayats

-Kalpetta is the only municipality

THALUKS AND VILLAGES(in bracket)

vythiri(18),sulthan bathery(15),mananthavady(16)

BLOCKS

kelpetta(10),sulthan bathery(8),mananthavady(7)

GRAMAPANCHAYATH-25

MAIN ROAD- NH 212

TOPOGRAPHY

Comprising an area of 2,132 sq.kms.lakkidi,vythiri and meppadi are the high rainfall areas.high altitude regions experience sever cold.

wayanad lies between north latitude 11 degree 27' and 15 degree 58' and east 75 degree 47' and 70 degree and 27'.it is bounded on the east by nilgiris and Mysore districts of tamilnadu and karnataka respectively.,on the north by coorg district of karnataka,on the south by malappuram and on the west by kozhikode and kannur

IMPORTANT PLACES TO VISIT

MUNIYARA

A prehistoric stone vaults used for burring purpose.its about 5000 years old.remnants of the stone age tools and pottery have been discovered from here .presently displayed in wayanad heritage museum at ambalavayal

THALIYOLA LIGITHANGAL

The scripts found in "OTHAYOTHU THARAVADU"are believed to be about 500 years old.apart from these scripts on bamboo reeds have also been preserved by this family.it is located near pongini bagavathy temple about 1 km off the meenangadi-panamaram road

OTHER PLACES

Chembra peek,edakkal cave,
kuruva island,pakshipathalam,sulthan bathery jain temple,pookot lake,
kanthanpara waterfalls,soochipara waterfalls,

banasura sagar dam,
thirunelli temple,valliyoorkavu temple,sita lava-kusha temple,thrissilery shiva temple,meenmutti water falls,chengeripara,house of edachana kunkan,thovarimala and various churches and mosque.

HAIR STYLE

In the olden days the malayali as a rule shaved his head,face and body all over leaving only a small oval patch of hair on the top of head called "KUDUMI".this patch of hair was allowed to grow long and was twisted to a knot and hanged usually left side.the style of kudumi varies from community to community.lower caste men shaved their head completely.adivasi peoples used to wear feathers in their head

Managing hair is a special art for women as the hair is a synonym of women's beauty.

they use different accessories to decorate their hair.to get fragrance,hair is fogged with vateria indica,a natural incense used in India.Muslim women use to wear hair amulet.kanakamudi,nettichotte are the other accessories.

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MAILANCHI..

Mailanchi is a temporary art of skin decoration for women.mehandi or henna is the leaf of the plant "MARUTHONNI".this leaf is made into paste and applied in the fingertips,palms,nails,hands and sole of the feet.after a few hours , it is washed off.it will leave behind some dark red impression on the applied area.

it signifies life and prosperity at the time of various special occasions.mehandi is yet another traditional,exciting pre wedding ceremony.mehandi is one of the sixteen adornments of bride and her beauty is incomplete without it according to Muslim belief's.

HILL STATIONS....KERALA(india).tourist destinations..

Lying on the windward side of the western ghats,kerala has a Long chain of lush,mist-clad mountains that are home to endemic wild life.all the hill stations in kerala offer the most magical experience of nature in all its prestine beauty

PONMUDI

An idyllic hill station,ponmudi situated 915 m above the sea level has a deer park and excellent trekking trails.wild orchids grow profusely on the hillsides,embroiderd with winding,wooded paths(61 KM FROM TRIVANDRUM)

MUNNAR

(60 KM FROM IDUKKI) situated at the confluence of three mountain streams,1600 m above sea level,this hill station was once the summer resorts of British administration in south india.sprawling tea gardens ,picturesque towns,winding lanes and holiday facilities make this a popular resort town

DEVIKULAM

This hill station with its velvet lawns,exotic flora and fauna and the cool mountain air is a rare experience.the devikulam lake is ideal for trout fishing (7 KM FROM MUNNAR IN IDUKKI)

PEERMEDU

The famous plantation town,take its name from peer mohammed,a sufi saint close associate of the royal family of travancore.wide vistas of tea , cardamom,rubber,and coffee plantations interspersed with silver cascades,sculptural rocks,medows and mist-clocked hilltops make peermedu an unforgettable experience.(35 KM FROM THEKKADY IN IDUKKY)

VAGAMON

Grass covered hills,velvet lawns and cool mountain air make vagamon a perfect holiday retreat.dotted with tea gardens and meadows,the hill station is heaven of tranquillity(25 km from peermedu in idukki)

NELLIYAMPATHY

This fascinating hill station reached by traversing 23 hairpin curves has several vantage view points including kesavan para and seetharagundu.the dense and verdant forest harbours exotic wildlife(75 KM SOWTHEAST TO PALAKKAD)

VYTHIRI

Tucked away at the northeastern tip of kerala,this quaint little hill station about 1300 m above sea level is renowned for its coffee tea, cardamom ,pepper and rubber plantations.mist capped mountains and breath taking scenery dominate other tourist attractions.(in wayanad 60 km from kozhikode)

LAKKIDI

Situate 700 km above sea level.at the crest of thamarasseri ghat pass.lofty peaks ,gurgling streams and lexuriant forests add magic to the journey( 5 km south to vythiri in wayanad)

PYTHAL MALA

Hill station situated above 4500 ft above sea level near kerala karnataka border.6 km trek to the top of hill

(65 km from kannur)

KOTTANCHERRY

its rain forest and verdant surroundings,is ideal for its trekking(30 km northeast to kanhangad in kasargode)

RANIPURAM

750 m above sea level.famous for trekking and varied vegetation,ever green shola woods,monsoon forest and grass land Also called as madathumala( 85 km from kasargode)

WATERFALLS IN KERALA..(india)....tourist destination...............

The forest of the western ghats are punctuated with large and small waterfalls that laugh,gurgle and splash down the  mountain side.all these cascades of rippling waters are ideal spots for picnics and excursions round the year

PALARUVI

(175 KM FROM KOLLAM).palaruvi means sream of milk makes its way down the rocks,from height of 300 ft.(its name is becouse of its appearence).the palaruvi woods are a beautiful picnic spot

ATHIRAPALLY

(63 KM FROM THRISSUR)at the entrance of sholayar ranges,this 80 ft water fall is a popular picnic spot

VAZHACHAL

(68 KM FROM THRISSUR)just a short drive from athirapally,this picturesque waterfall is close to dense, green forests and is a part of chalakudy river.athirapally and vazhachal are the most famous waterfalls of kerala,attracting tourists in plenty.

ATTUKAD

(9KM FROM MUNNAR IN IDUKKI)a land of waterfalls and inviting green hills,attukad, located between munnar and pallivasal,is a feast for eyes.the place is excellent for long treks.

THOMMANKUTHU

(17 KM FROM THODUPUZHA IN IDUKKI)famous for its seven step water fall thommankuthu is an ideal place for adventure tourism,pedal boating,forest trekking,night camping,bathing in the waterfall etc.are some of the activities possible here

THUSHARAGIRI

(50 KM FROM KOZHIKODE)waterfalls and streams abound in this hilly region with excellent trekking tracks ,located near vythiri in wayanad

MEENMUTTY

(29 KM FROM  FROM KALPRTTA IN WAYANAD) an intresting 2 km jungle trek will lead to the largest and most popular spectacular waterfall in wayanad.water drops from nearly 1000ft over 3 stages ,presenting a triple decker effect.

CHETHALAYAM

(12 KM EAST OF SULTHAN BATHERY) a lovely place to visit, trkking enthusiasts are sure to enjoy the climb up the rocks to the waterfall

SENTINEL ROCK WATERFALL

(22 KM AWAY FROM KALPETTA IN WAYANAD)locally known as soochipara,or needle rock,the pool at the foot of the falls is ideal for a quick dip